Is Violence on Television Acceptable for our Growing...

â€Å"Is Violence on Television Acceptable for our Growing Generation?† I. The Beginning nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Since the beginning of time, there has always been violence. From the death of Abel by his brother Cain in the Bible, to the mighty gladiator stadiums in Rome ruled by Alexander the Great, to the horrible accusations of the Salem Witch Trials in 1692, to what I will talk about specifically in this position paper, violence on the famous family fun center, the television. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To start off, John Logie Baird invented the mechanical television in 1926. The soul purpose of the mechanical television was to be able to see images at home from current events from around the world right in your very own home.†¦show more content†¦With the first person I killed, I did exactly what I saw in the movie.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A grammar school child showered a Bronx office building with gunfire in New York City. â€Å"I watch a lot of television,† was what the little boy pronounced as he told an astounded police sergeant how he became skilled at loading his Uzi-like gun. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the fall of 1995, in New York, a group of youths set fire to a subway token booth by spraying flammable liquids through the opening for the change slot. The booth exploded and the subway attendant in the booth was badly burned. That year in December, the attendant died as a result of extensive burns. The movie Money Train influenced this attack. IV. Opposing View Points nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;People who are opposed to television violence believe that is the responsibility of the network to monitor and sensor what they show on television. In a study of over forty years, Madeline Levine found that many children have found violence as a first resort to settle indifferences instead of the last resort. Madeline also stats that children who are heavy viewers of television are more pessimistic, more aggressive, are less imaginative, weigh more, and are less empathic. According to Madeline’s sources of information, America has become the most leading country in the world of violence. Homicide is the leadingShow MoreRelated Cartoon Violence, Has it gone too Far Essay852 Words   |  4 PagesCartoon Violence, Has it gone too Far Aggression. Killing. Revenge. Sound like the latest Scream movie or Keanu Reeves thriller? You may be surprised to hear that this describes the average Saturday morning cartoon. One of the most surprising facts is that the level of violence during Saturday morning cartoons is higher than the level of violence during prime time. There are 3 to 5 violent acts per hour in prime time, versus 20 to 25 acts per hour on Saturday morning (Gerbner,1). Violence on televisionRead MoreA Rhetorical Analysis of Editorial, â€Å"the Effects of Violence in Children’s Cartoons†947 Words   |  4 PagesOctober 03, 2012 A Rhetorical Analysis of Editorial, â€Å"The Effects of Violence in Children’s Cartoons† Claim: That childrens cartoons today are too violent and that these cartoons are greatly affecting their behaviors growing up. That violence is a learned behavior and therefore children that view violence can become violent themselves. The purpose of the argument is to raise the awareness about cartoon violence and come up with some solutions to lessen its negative impact on the childrenRead MoreMedia Influences our Children1181 Words   |  5 Pagesare experimenting with drugs and alcohol at an earlier age and there is even a show dedicated to teen moms on MTV. Of course, media is not the only force at fault here as peers and parents are just as much to blame as media. The media is full of violence, sex and the use of addictive substances, that affects youth negatively. Being a youth in today’s society is challenging. On a daily basis, many positive and negative influences are thrown at us; Without proper guidance, a child could have a toughRead MoreWhat World will We Leave Our Children? Essay552 Words   |  3 Pageswith their audience. Communication is an essential part of our daily lives but it is taking its toll on our younger generation. It is undeniable that our society is saturated with media, perhaps too suffocating at times. Our children choices are conditioned by what they see. A research conducted by the Michigan State University states that on average children between the ages 2-5 spend 32 hours a week in front of a television while kids between 6-11 spend about 28 hours and in 53% ofRead MoreYouth Violence: Is the Media to Blame?1514 Words   |  7 PagesYouth Violence: Is the Media to Blame? COM/156 07/27/13 Mallory Dunkley Youth Violence: Is the Media to Blame? Not all children who watch violent programming get in trouble with the law; some feel that there is a strong direct link between the two. There is a good deal of compelling data that suggests that there is a direct link between the media and youth violence. Throughout our history, the media has and can influence people in different ways but the more obvious questionRead More The Growing Trend of Sex and Violence in Media Today Essay examples692 Words   |  3 Pagesatmosphere. Moreover, parents have decided that the opportune way of reaching their ambitions is through the lives of their children. Under this strict lifestyle, one would presume that our values are very conservative. Surprisingly, the opposite is true. Due to the sexual and violent permissiveness in today’s Multi-Media, our society has developed a sordid standard of morals. Sex is often considered to be taboo among families. Parents do not want to believe that their children are aware of it, and vice-versaRead More Media Stereotyping of Men and Women Essay951 Words   |  4 Pagesneeds to be heavily regulated.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Today’s young men are increasingly being influenced by the harming mass media. Starting at a young age, these young boys are big active users of many types of media such as watching countless number of hours of television, movies, and sports programs, listening to radio programs and CDs, and playing violent video games. These boys are increasingly surfing the Internet at record numbers unsupervised. All of these forms of media are making huge influential decisionsRead MoreExposure to Violence and Videogames844 Words   |  3 Pagesraised in a generation where violence is idolized in video games and in the media. Although parents monitor and guide their children, â€Å"[the] media is everywhere. TV, Internet, computer and video games all vie for our childrens attention]† and often times are the sole free-time activity (American Academy of Pediatrics). As media monopolizes the adolescent generation, society has begun to look at the effects it may have especially material that promotes violence. Although much of this violence is fictionalRead MoreTelevision Should Be Limited For Children Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesThe young generations are growing up in a phase of electronics; they are glued to television, phone, and tablet screens, â€Å"For some this vision represents a Utopian dream; for others, it suggests a nightmare. The difference lies in which hemisphere of the brain one sides with politically and perceptually† (Boyle 251). Being constantly glued to a glowing screen is partly to appease and partly to entertain however; parents seem to allow children to spend increasingly time staring blankly at screensRead MoreEssay about Teen Violence1694 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teen violence is a serious and rapidly growing problem in America. From the horrible incident at Columbine, Colorado to the everyday incidents of youth violence, it is apparent that the problem is growing not shrinking. There are, according to most stud ies, several possible contributing factors which lead young people to violent behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One problem facing children growing up in America is todays media bombardment. Children growing up in todays media bombardment are learning all the

Gap Between Literary Gothic and Pornography - 1719 Words

As a society, we are confronted daily with pornographic images, they feature in our newspapers, on our film screens, and even in our novels. This voyeuristic obsession the media holds has for a long time been desensitizing us to depictions of violence and sex, but has it also disabled us in being able to see the difference between what is carefully constructed satire and what is merely pornography? There is probably no text this discussion embraces more in modern gothic literature than that of Brett Easton Ellis’ American Psycho. The novel was surrounded with controversy, ecen before its publication in 1991. Originally, cited to be published by Simon Schuster, the company forfeited from the engagement, including its  £300,000†¦show more content†¦The sexual control of women by men is a major system within pornography, but it is not achieved through the same extreme level of violence used by Bateman, ‘in my locker in the locker room at Xclusive lie three vagin as I recently sliced out of various women I’ve attacked in the past week.’ Under his psychopathic control body parts cease to contain any sign of female sexuality or personal identity and instead they become ‘trophies’ of his violent sexual encounters. The image of the disembodied vagina acts to cause an extreme level of shock and horror within the reader, and it is not an image that stands alone within the book. These highly disturbing scenes of sexual violence against women surpass that of pornography, this does not account the novel as being a particularly horrifying piece of pornography, but instead it sets the novel from pornography completely. In order to understand this, we must consider that not all of society receives pornography in such a negative matter as so far discussed, for many people pornography is a private matter that is for the purpose of arousal. Therefore in order for the gap between American Psycho and pornography to be truly irrelevant, the text would have needed to be produced for the purpose of arousal. Although there are some scenes that explicitly serve as seeming only pornographic, the level of the violence coupled with sexual acts that progresses in

Interpersonal Relationship Analysis Characters of the Film Public Enemies Free Essays

string(173) " of progressing the relationship further by increasing self-disclosure to see if the other reciprocates the same level of disclosure and gain feedback on their impressions\." Communications 100 Interpersonal Analysis Effective interpersonal communication is crucial to development of all denominations of relationships between two or more individuals; from roll relationships shared between a doctor and patient, to platonic relationships shared between friends. Chiefly, interpersonal communication is arguably the most essential aspect contributing to the success or failure of a romantic relationship between a dyad. Communication directly influences the type of relationship participants share, how the relationship unfolds, and how satisfying that relationship is to the individuals sharing it. We will write a custom essay sample on Interpersonal Relationship Analysis: Characters of the Film Public Enemies or any similar topic only for you Order Now A lack of communication between individuals in an intimate relationship, such as one shared between a boyfriends and a girlfriend, typically results in mutual dissatisfaction which can lead to a decline in health of the individuals, both physically and emotionally, and ultimately, the disintegration of the relationship altogether. Read also Analysis of Characters in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† Romantic relationships develop and change over time as people communicate with one another. The evolution of the relationship can be depicted through four specific models; Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor’s Social Penetration Theory, Mark Knapp and Anita Vangelisti’s Knapp’s Stage Model, Leslie Baxter and Connie Bullis’s Turning Point Model and, Leslie Baxter’s Dialectical Theory. The progression of romantic relationships can easily be analyzed in films because they are vividly depicted and often over exaggerated. Michael Mann’s 2009 film, Public Enemies, an adaptation of the non-fiction book by Bryan Burrough, Public Enemies: America’s Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933-34, chronicles the progression of the romantic relationship between the notorious bank robber John Dillinger and Billie Frechette while he is pursued by FBI agent Melvin Purvis in the midst of the Great Depression. The relationship Frechette and Dillinger carry out in the film perfectly displays the natural progression of an intimate relationship through the first five steps of the staircase in Knapp’s Stage Model. Knapp’s Stage Model is a communication model that conceptualizes relational development as a staircase consisting of five steps, with each step representing a respective stage of the relationship, that lead up toward commitment followed by five steps that descend from commitment towards the end of a relationship. The five steps that lead upwards towards commitment in chronological order are: initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, and bonding. John Dillinger and Billie Frechette met one night at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago where the initiating stage occurred. Initiating is when the individuals try to establish as positive an impression of oneself as possible to appear likeable and pleasant. This stage is where the first impressions are made from a greetings and physical appearance. However, in order for the initiating stage to occur, the individuals need to signal interest in initiating contact at all. In our society, especially historically in time periods like the Great Depression, men typically initiate heterosexual romantic relationships, but only after the woman sends cues that they are single and interested primarily through kinesics nonverbal communication like eye contact and smiles. The excerpt from the movie script below shows the pre-initiation stage where Dillinger first sees Frechette and she sends nonverbal cues from across the crowded ballroom that she is both available and interested: ARAGON BALLROOM-NIGHT JOHN DILLINGER is watching a sexy young woman on the dance floor. He loses sight of her†¦ He’s expecting someone. Then, Dillinger sees her again: jet black hair in a bob, brown eyes, high and a great smile. She lights up a room. She is BILLIE FRECHETTE. She feels the stare and looks over. She studies him, then, looks away. Dillinger adjusts his chair to watch for the girl. Dellinger can’t see Billie anymore. Billie reappears, dancing with a young man. Dillinger keeps his eye on Billie. Music ends. Young man escorts her to her table. He tries to join her. She turns him down. Dillinger finishes his drink, approaches. He now sees how beautiful Billie is. She looks Dillinger straight in the eye. Clear skin, dark eyes with humor playing about the edges. He unexpectedly starts to feel nervous. He gives her his best grin. Next is the initiating stage where Dillinger initiates communication following a standard interpersonal script for meeting a new person consisting of an icebreaker and beginning an introduction. Billie forms a first impression of Dillinger based on her perceptions of him. Billie categorizes him by labeling him in her mind as â€Å"Not a hustler† and interprets that â€Å"he’s holding something back† from the sensory input she selected to focus on. She then provides feedback showing her mutual interest to proceed to the experimenting stage. DILLINGER I don’t know what you said to your friend, but I sure am glad you did. What’s your name? Billie looks him over: a well-made man in a good suit with a great smile. And, paradoxes: he easily talks to women but he’s not a hustler. He’s young, but there’s a world of experience in his face. Open, but he’s holding something back. BILLIE Billie Frechette. DILLINGER Can I buy you a drink? Billie rises and they cross the bar. Is that French? BILLIE On my father’s side. There’s an â€Å"e† at the end. Do you have a name? DILLINGER Jack Harris. Music changes to â€Å"Bye Bye Blackbird. † The experimenting stage on relational development is when the participants try to learn more about each other by asking questions and start to self-disclose information to establish common interests. Typically, the proxemics observed between two people who are just beginning to become acquainted is at a personal distance of eighteen inches to four feet. However, because the progression of relationship between Dillinger and Frechette is depicted in a film that is just under two hours in duration, the experimenting stage is combined with the proceeding intensifying stage. Thus, Billie and Dillinger quickly move to an intimate distance while dancing to increase their connectedness. This stage is full of â€Å"tests. † First, individuals test the potential of progressing the relationship further by increasing self-disclosure to see if the other reciprocates the same level of disclosure and gain feedback on their impressions. You read "Interpersonal Relationship Analysis: Characters of the Film Public Enemies" in category "Papers" Billie tests Dillinger to see how he reacts to her ethnicity in era in which darker physical characteristics were not valued as highly on the social comparison scale of attractiveness. Billie expresses her self-concept perceptions that that been influenced by the reflected appraisals from society when she shares her primary identity by stating â€Å"I’m Menominee Indian,† and secondary identity by stating â€Å"I check coats at the Steuben Club. † BILLIE Do you dance, Jack? DILLINGER I don’t know how. BILLIE How come you don’t know how to dance? It’s easy. Follow me. This is a two-step. She smiles a pretty smile at him. She stays an inch or two distant in his arms. It’s slow and languorous. He follows her with little difficulty. DILLINGER My, but you are pretty. They look into each other’s eyes. He pulls her closer, wants to kiss her long smooth neck. He almost can’t resist†¦ Their lips are an inch apart. And then she rests her cheek on his shoulder and the kiss that wasn’t hangs in the air around them. He whispers†¦ Daddy’s French, what’s on the other side? BILLIE Im Menominee Indian OK. But most men don’t like that†¦ She glares at him. DILLINGER I’m not most men. BILLIE And I check coats at the Steuben Club. What do you do, Jack? DILLINGER I’m catching up. BILLIE Catching up on what? DILLINGER On life, meeting someone like you. Dark, beautiful, like the black bird in that song He touches her hair. She laughs at the flattery. Holds his eyes a beat with an ironic look. He returns the look. They look away. Say, how’d you like some dinner? Billy nods. He nods courteously to her girlfriends, grabs her coat, puts a hand around Billie’s waist and steers her out. It’s cold in the street. Dillinger pulls her close. Following, is the integration stage of relationship growth. During the fourth step, the deepest levels of self-disclosure begin signaling trust and intimacy and the individuals portray themselves as couple. Billie and Dillinger go to a restaurant together appearing to others as a couple. This scene also perfectly illustrates the three key factors necessary in the influence of one’s attraction to another: proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity. GOLD COAST RESTAURANT – NIGHT Dillinger slips him bills. He and Billie are shown to a table. The clientele is North Shore old money and businessmen. Some of the women are in dazzling dresses even though it’s mid-Depression. A few stare at Billie. She’s out of her class. BILLIE What is it, exactly that you do for a living? She stares at him, ignoring her menu. He looks over the top of his menu DILLINGER. I’m John Dillinger. I rob banks. That’s where all these people here put their money. BILLIE Why’d you tell me that? You could have made up a story†¦ DILLINGER ‘Cause I ain’t gonna lie to you. BILLIE That’s a pretty serious thing to say to a girl you just met. DILLINGER I know you. BILLIE Well, I don’t know you†¦I haven’t been any place or done anything. DILLINGER Some of the places I been ain’t so hot. Where I’m going is a lot better. Wanna come along? BILLIE Boy, you are in a hurry. DILLINGER If you were looking at what I am looking at, you’d be in a hurry too. Laughs at his flattery, which she is also finding persuasive, then leans in. BILLIE Well, it’s me they’re looking at this time. DILLINGER That’s ’cause you’re beautiful. BILLIE They’re looking at me because they’re not used to having a girl in their restaurant in a three-dollar dress. He takes her hand DILLINGER Listen, doll, that’s ’cause they’re all about where people come from. Only thing important is where somebody’s going. She smiles excitedly BILLIE Where are you going? DILLINGER Anywhere I want. Let’s get out of here. She nods. They get up, get their things and he leads her with his hand on the small of her back. On their way†¦ a man intercepts Dillinger. (To Billie): Go wait outside. I’ll be right there. Billie turns and walks out of the restaurant. Finally, the fifth stage of the relational development incline towards commitment is bonding. The bonding stage is where the relationship is characterized by public commitment. STEUBEN CLUB- NIGHT Dillinger enters, sees Billie talking with another hostess checking coats and hats. BILLIE (Without looking up at Dillinger): May I check your coat, sir? DILLINGER You ran out on me. BILLIE You left me standing alone on the sidewalk. She places her hand on her hip DILLINGER If you’re going to be my girl, you have to swear you’ll never, ever do that again. A CUSTOMER comes up and puts his ticket on the counter. BILLIE (Ignoring customer) Hey! I’m not your girl! And I’m not going to say that DILLINGER I’m waiting. CUSTOMER So am I. DILLINGER (to Billie) â€Å"I am not ever going to run out on you again. † Say it. BILLIE No. DILLINGER Well, I ain’t ever gonna run out on you. And that’s a promise. CUSTOMER Well, I want to run out of here. So, lady, will you get my coat†¦? Dillinger swings him to the counter, grabs the man’s ticket, slams through the half door, finds the man’s coat, tosses it at him†¦ DILLINGER (To Customer): Hit the road Sport. Beat the tip. (To Billie): You ain’t getting other people’s hats and coats no more either. You’re with me now. He takes her coat and holds it for her. She doesn’t move. BILLIE I don’t know anything about you. DILLINGER I was raised on a farm in Mooresville, Indiana. My ma died when I was three. My daddy beat the hell out of me because he didn’t know no better way to raise me I like baseball, movies, good clothes, fast cars, and you. What else do you need to know? She gets into her coat. Dillinger opens the door for her. Although this interaction is fictional, John Dillinger and Billie Frechette really did carry out a relationship that progressed much like the one depicted above. However, their relationship did not decline down the staircase through the five steps of termination; differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoiding, and terminating, because John Dillinger was shot and killed by FBI agent Winstead outside of the Biograph Theatre in Chicago. Billie was incarcerated on charges of being an accomplice to one of America’s most wanted criminals until 1936 and lived the rest of her life in Wisconsin. Works Cited Alberts, Jess K. , Judith N. Martin, and Thomas K. Nakayama. Communication Fundamentals. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, 2011. Print. Eiderman, Ann, Michael Mann, and Ronan Bennett. â€Å"Public Enemies Script. † The Internet Movie Script Database (IMSDb). N. p. , Nov. 2007. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. ;http://www. imsdb. com/scripts/Public-Enemies. html;. â€Å"Knapp’s Relational Development Model. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Mar. 2013. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. ;http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Knapp’s_Relational_Development_Model. â€Å"Public Enemies (2009 Film). † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, 15 Mar. 2013. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Public_Enemies_(2009_film). How to cite Interpersonal Relationship Analysis: Characters of the Film Public Enemies, Papers

Workplace Disability Management Programs -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Workplace Disability Management Programs? Answer: Introducation In a business organization the managers have to make sure that among the workforce the communication is good. The communication has to be good among the workers to sustain and enhance the level of productivity. The sharing of knowledge and important information is a vital aspect of communication within the workplace (Thorsen et al. 2017). The managements of the business organizations should device a way like frequent team meetings or sending Google forms or by having one on one talks with the employees can build and enhance the communication to close any gaps of sharing information. In the ever-changing global market, in order to sustain, the managements of the business organizations need to develop the level of trust among the employees and all the stakeholders of the business organization. The governing body should choose some specific techniques to do so. The management can use techniques like developing the skills of the employees, reward and recognition technique, display level of competence to the suppliers and customers and many more. Reward and recognition is a technique that is widely used in business organizations to keep the staffs motivated and loyal towards the organization (Gensby et al. 2014). If the management focuses in building the occupational skills of the employees, the employees will be satisfied and the organization will profit from that as well. On the other hand if the management of a business organization shows how competent they are to all the stakeholders it would definitely increase the reputation of the business organization. In my organization the management follows the downward network of communication. In this communication network the top level manager initiates the process of sharing the information downwards to the different ranks of employees of the organization. In my operations this type of network can be easily maintained as the governing body makes sure that all the necessary information are shared to the concerned official in downward network so that they do not have to bother the lower rank employees by giving unnecessary information regarding the operations (Small 2017). Or in other way in this way the management of our organization maintains the confidentiality of important documents. To ensure the growth and development of the productivity the management needs to work on of there are any presence of conflicts or disruptions among the general employees. Under these circumstances the management should prioritize the suspected area of the conflicts and work on them to solve the issue, they can host team meetings to come to a conclusion or they can take one on one session with the concerned employees. To sustain the productivity along with the profitability, the management of the business organizations should work on the issues that can bring in harm to the bonding among the workforce. Conflicts and disruptions among the workforce can lower the productivity, lower the level of motivation and also can potentially harm the company culture (Plijter, van der Voordt and Rocco 2014). Thus if any situations arise regarding conflict among the employees, the management should step in and solve the issues. References Plijter, E., JM van der Voordt, T. and Rocco, R., 2014. Managing the workplace in a globalized world: the role of national culture in workplace management.Facilities,32(13/14), pp.744-760. Gensby, U., Labriola, M., Irvin, E., Amick, B.C. and Lund, T., 2014. A classification of components of workplace disability management programs: results from a systematic review.Journal of occupational rehabilitation,24(2), pp.220-241. Small, A., 2017. Attennn-tion! Steps and skills to ensure discipline in the workplace: management.Red Meat/Rooivleis,8(1), pp.44-46. Thorsen, S.V., Madsen, I.E.H., Flyvholm, M.A. and Hasle, P., 2017. Associations between the workplace-effort in psychology risk management and the employee-rating of the psychosocial work environmenta multilevel study of 7565 employees in 1013 workplaces.Scandinavian journal of public health, p.1403494817696377.

Business and Culture In the U.S. and Japan free essay sample

Compares cultures (individual and society, personal space) and examines the effective American use of Japanese management styles (just-in-time systems, work groups) in General Motors Saturn division. Introduction Japanese management techniques, including just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing and quality circles (QC), have gained much attention in recent years as American companies have focused on improving their profit performance and their competitiveness in the international market. However, it is not possible to simply transport Japanese management approaches without taking into account some of the significant differences between the cultures of Japan and the United States. This research examines some of the critical cultural differences between the two countries and considers how those cultural differences affect business operations in the two nations, and, specifically, within the automotive industry. Key Cultural Aspects Compared Between Japan and the USA One of the greatest

Story Writing 101

Story Writing 101 Story Writing 101 Story Writing 101 By Ali Hale Since prehistoric times, when tales were told around fires and painted on cave walls, stories have been an essential part of our human experience. But what exactly is a story – and how can you write a great one? A story is simply a tale of events that are linked by cause and effect. It can be true or it can be a work of fiction. We expect stories to have a beginning, middle and end; they involve at least two characters, and some events take place. In this article, I’ll take you through three major contemporary types of written story: The short story The novel The life story (biography or autobiography) For each, I’ll explain what it is, and how to write it successfully. I’ll end with tips about story writing which will help you improve your writing, whether you’re a beginner or a published author. Three Types of Story 1. Short Stories A short story is a piece of fiction under 20,000 words. More typically, a short story will be 1,000 – 5,000 words. (Pieces under 1,000 words are â€Å"short short stories† or â€Å"flash fiction†, over 20,000 and they’re novellas.) Short stories are published in magazines, newspapers and book anthologies. Short stories need: A small cast of characters, with one main character A compact time frame, with the story taking place over the course of a few days or weeks A single plot without subplots, though longer short stories may have a subplot The majority of writing competitions are for complete short stories, rather than novels or novel excerpts. If you do enter competitions, don’t be put off writing if you don’t win – judges have different likes and dislikes. How to Write a Great Short Story Like any story, your short story needs to have a beginning, middle and end: The beginning is where we’re introduced to the characters, especially the main character and his/her problem The middle is where the action and plot develops. The main character will face difficulties such as opposition from other people or a challenging environment. The end is where the main character triumphs over his/her biggest challenge (or fails, in the case of a tragedy). The resolution should be satisfying and conclusive for the reader. Even in literary and experimental short stories, it’s important that something should happen. Much of the action might take place inside the characters’ heads, but there should be a real change as a result. By the end of your short story, your main character should have experienced an internal change. This means that they’ve grown and developed as a person – perhaps overcoming a fear, or recognizing an unacknowledged truth about himself or herself. 2. Novels A novel is a piece of fiction that’s 60,000 words or longer (shorter books are novellas). The typical novel is around 80,000 – 150,000 words, depending on genre. Novels and short stories share similar structural features, but novels give the author a much wider scope. A novel might have: More than one main character (though attempt this with caution!) A large cast of characters A long time frame – potentially covering several centuries and several generations Multiple subplots Novels tend to be much more popular than short stories with the reading public, and almost all full-time authors are novelists rather than short story writers. How To Write A Novel A novel is a much bigger undertaking than a short story. Even if you are able to write short stories without much planning, you’ll need to plan out your novel in advance. There are a number of ways to do this, but whichever you choose, ensure: You have enough plot to meet your word count target Your main character (protagonist) is sympathetic – readers of short stories will put up with a dull or unlikeable character, but novel readers are stuck with the character’s viewpoint for much longer. As the writer, you’ll need to be able to become your characters. You have an escalation of events throughout the plot. Things need to get worse and worse for your characters, until they finally overcome their problems or enemies. 3. Life Stories A life story is a true story – though it shares features with fictional stories. Life stories are either â€Å"biography† (when you write about someone else) or â€Å"autobiography† (when you write about yourself). Most biographies and autobiographies are book length, similar to a novel. Many writers draw on their own life experiences for newspaper columns and magazine articles, though. There is also a market for â€Å"true life† stories in magazines, which are told in a story-like way: writing about your own life is a simple way to write about what you know. How To Write A Life Story A life story needs to be engaging and interesting for the reader. Don’t include boring details just because they’re â€Å"true† – the reader doesn’t need to know everything that happened. In many cases, details of childhood or dull years can be summarized – or told through a few vividly-drawn incidents. You will need to be careful when writing a biography or autobiography to: Structure your piece as a story, focusing on interesting events and incidents. Show the personality of the subject (yourself or the person you’re writing about), and making sure the reader will find them at least partly likeable. Be conscious of the other people involved – try to be sensitive to how they might feel (and avoid getting sued for libel – make sure you’re certain of your facts). There is often a fine line between life writing and fiction. If you are writing the story of your life, you will need to make decisions about whether you will alter or make up lines of dialogue, for instance. General Story Writing Tips Whatever type of story or stories you’re writing, and however experienced you are, there’s always room for improvement Share Your Story Writing Efforts It’s hard to write in isolation, and sharing your work with other writers is a great way to get feedback and suggestions. Look for a local writers’ circle, or join an online forum. You want to find somewhere that’s supportive but where people aren’t afraid to offer advice about things that aren’t working in your story. Keep Learning Writing is a craft that you can learn, like any other. There are hundreds of books on all aspects of writing, from the nuts and bolts of grammar and punctuation to writing in specific genres. You can also find free advice on the Internet (on blogs like this one). You can even take a degree or post-graduate course in creative writing. Keep Practicing As well as learning about writing, you need to practice. That means writing regularly – ideally daily. As you write more, your stories will get better – your characters are more â€Å"real†, your plots are convincing, and your endings are deeply satisfying to readers. You’ll also find that writing itself becomes easier: you’ll spend less time struggling to find the right words, and more time enjoying seeing the story spill from your fingers. Always Revise All authors need to revise their work. Your first draft might have a lot of problems – inconsistent characterization, scenes which don’t really fit, holes in the plot, incorrect pacing or tension. Don’t worry if this is the case: most published authors have to extensively rewrite their first drafts too. Always allow time to revise your story, and if possible, do several rewrites. Most authors recommend letting your story sit unread for a few days or weeks when you complete a draft, so that you can come to it with fresh eyes. Good luck with your story writing! Check Out Other Articles from The Writing 101 Series: The Writing Process Creative Writing 101 Story Writing 101 Letter Writing 101 Business Writing 101 Freelance Writing 101 Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point ArcWork of Art TitlesSentence Adverbs

Critically assess Wildavksy's theory of the two presidencies (one Essay

Critically assess Wildavksy's theory of the two presidencies (one foreign and one domestic) with reference to at least two spe - Essay Example However, in their domestic and foreign policies, they differed tremendously in goals, strategies, and focuses. Each president faced a different world: President Kennedy encountered a nation in the 1960s in which the United States had to defend itself against the threat of nuclear annihilation and the plague of Communism whereas President Obama faced a society in 2009 ravaged with its worst economic crisis and financial uncertainty in its history. In selecting the inaugural speeches of these two prominent presidents, this paper will analyze Wildavsky’s dual presidency theory, looking both at their domestic and foreign policies. Analysis of the Presidency of John F. Kennedy (1961) The 1960s ushered in an era in American history that would greatly challenge its citizens, who would question on every level the very foundations of the United States. It was a nation that had safeguarded its preeminent position since World War II as the greatest country in the world, which rivaled in power and influence the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R). The nation gladly embraced, with open arms and excited anticipation, the election of the energetic and charismatic Catholic senator as their new president, who made them feel young and vibrant and embodied the best hopes of Americans to maintain their national and international preeminence. President Kennedy sought for the United States to assume its global mission of being the leader of the free world and human rights (Whitehouse 2011). In his inaugural speech (See Appendix I) of 1961, President John F. Kennedy, who became the thirty-fifth president of the United States, articulated the fundamental issues and policies that his administration would address during his presidency. His speech embodied three major themes: 1). conciliatory tone, 2). emphasis on foreign issues/policies, 3). patriotic/nationalistic ideals. Analysis of the Inaugural Speech of President John F. Kennedy (1961) The first chief theme of the speech of President Kennedy reflected his conciliatory tone. Employing very effective rhetorical language, he uses conciliatory verbs, such as â€Å"pledge† (which he used over and over again) in his masterpiece. He cites the verb â€Å"pledge† eight times throughout his speech. What message is he trying to convey to his audience by constantly using the verb â€Å"pledge†? â€Å"Pledge† meant to commit strongly to a cause, place, ideal, nation, person, organization, etc. As a promise, vow, or oath, the verb, â€Å"pledge,† represented a word loaded with connotative and denotative meanings. Even the American anthem used the word â€Å"pledge† in its opening sentence, i.e. â€Å"we pledge allegiance to †¦Ã¢â‚¬  President Kennedy employs this rhetorical device to evoke- among his fellow Americans- the sentiments of nationalism and patriotism to the nation. Moreover, by expressing himself with the word â€Å"pledge,† he also shows his conciliatory tone in his speech. What is he pledging to his people? He pledges to maintain a free nation and world. He also employs other mild and conciliatory verbs throughout his speech, for instance, â€Å"ask,† â€Å"explore,† â€Å"begin,† â€Å"offer,† â€Å"formulate,† â€Å"seek,† â€Å"unite,† â€Å"join,† etc. (Kennedy, 1961, pp. 1-3). Why did President Kennedy adopt this conciliatory rhetorical devices

Creating and Sustaining Brand Equity for LOreal Assignment

Creating and Sustaining Brand Equity for LOreal - Assignment Example Models like Porter’s Five Forces have been used to match the practical aspects with theoretical ones, along with recommendations on a feasible course of action for the company to embrace success in the future. Â  The environment surrounding a business comprises of both micro and macro forces that shape up the strategy of the business and also test the viability of the developed strategy in real time. For L’Oreal, the market has been a mix of favorable and unfavorable forces where the genius of L’Oreal through its two success recipes- diversification and innovation, changed the tides. Â  The cosmetics industry has been very fragmented yet open to new offerings and product innovations, keeping in mind the needs of varied consumer groups. Demographically, L’Oreal was presented with a host of opportunities to come up with various products with different ethnic and cultural shades. Â  Cosmetics is an industry which is not limited to just creams. It extends way beyond face products and involves hair and skin care and beauty products. A player who was able to operate through these lines of product width was the one who could sustain itself in the booming cosmetic and beauty product market, which was done really well by L’Oreal. Â  The entire industry, as obvious in the case, is in its growth stage with multiple players entering the battleground. L’Oreal had been able to secure its pole position till now because of new product propositions every year to sustain the wave of innovation and tight control over its operational costs. Yet, the following points emerge out of the industry analysis of cosmetics.

Health and Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Health and Safety Management - Essay Example Creating and maintaining a positive health and safety culture are important to an organization. The Successful and Safety Management (HSG 65) drafts a framework for managing health and safety pertaining to planning, accident and incident investigation, as well as health and safety auditing towards this end. HSG 65 explains the costs of getting it wrong and the likewise good effects of health and safety management to an organization. Knowledge of health and safety management through HSG 65 is aimed at directors, managers, supervisors, owners of small firms, employee representatives, and other key players in the organization who can effectively put into both policies and practice the significance of effectively managing health and safety. The importance of health and safety in organizations is so tremendous that statistics attest that at least one person is killed and over 6000 are injured at work in every working day in Britain (HSE 2003). Work-related illnesses prompt workers and emp loyees to take time off and around 30 million workdays are lost to these illnesses as a result (HSE 2003). In addition to the cost of personal injuries, workers and their families may incur far greater costs from damage to property and equipment, not to mention lost production. The culprit to all these expensiveness and loss of productivity is a mismanaged/mishandled health and safety procedures or even lack of any health and safety management at all. Insurances protect employees from financial downfall.... Creating and maintaining a positive health and safety culture are important to an organisation. The Successful and Safety Management (HSG 65) drafts a framework for managing health and safety pertaining to planning, accident and incident investigation, as well as health and safety auditing towards this end. HSG 65 explains the costs of getting it wrong and the likewise good effects of health and safety management to an organisation. Knowledge of health and safety management through HSG 65 is aimed at directors, managers, supervisors, owners of small firms, employee representatives, and other key players in the organisation who can effectively put into both policy and practice the significance of effectively managing health and safety. The importance of health and safety in organisations is so tremendous that statistics attests that at least one person is killed and over 6000 are injured at work in every working day in Britain (HSE 2003). Work-related illnesses prompt workers and employees to take time off and around 30 million workdays are lost to these illnesses as a result (HSE 2003). In addition to the cost of personal injuries, workers and their families may incur far greater costs from damage to property and equipment, not to mention lost production. The culprit to all these expensiveness and loss of productivity is a mismanaged / mishandled health and safety procedures or even lack of any health and safety management at all. Insurances protect employees from financial downfall due to these illnesses and workplace accidents, which the organisation spends for (Willis and Adelowo 1997). It apparently involves a lot of

Stabilization of Nitrous Acid

Stabilization of Nitrous Acid Abstract Nitrous acid (HNO2) was stabilized via supporting on Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) and the thermal stabilization and structure were estimated using thermogravimetric analysis measurement and spectroscopic methods, respectively. Some novel heterocyclic azo dyes were synthesized by selective diazotization of aromatic amines followed by coupling with some susceptible aromatic compounds. The stereochemistry structure of the synthesized dyes were optimized using B3LYP at 6-311 G(d,p) basis set and their electron excitation properties were evaluated using calculations of density functional theory. UV-Visible analysis was applied for Photophysical properties evaluation of the new dyes and compared with computed vertical excitation obtained from TD-DFT. Also, the azo-hydrazone tautomerism of the triazine azo dyes was investigated and the results show that for all of the synthesized dyes both azo and hydrazone tautomeric forms exist, while 3a-5 shows more notable hydrazone form than others. Keywords: Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, Nitrous acid, Azo dyes, azo-hydrazone tautomerism 1. Introduction Nitrous acid as a weak inorganic acid has significant applications in organic reactions such as diazotization, nitrosonation and Sandmeyer Reaction,[1,2] but its instability in temperatures upper 5  °C causes some restrictions to using it. In this work, we stabilized nitrous acid via supporting on polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) and then utilized it in synthesis of some novel azo dyes. However, PVPP has been reported as an efficient support in many cases such as trifluoroboride and nitric acid.[3,4] PVPP-HNO2 has many advantages that make it environmentally acceptable in both industrial and laboratory viewpoints. It is applicable for a long time after preparation and the polymer easily remove by washing with water. In particular, nitrous acid absorbed on polyvinylpolypyrrolidone takes part in azo coupling reaction and the polymer remains almost completely intact. However, the literature describing arylamines conversion to diazonium salts using polyvinylpolypyrrolidone supported nitrous acid (PVPP-HNO2) is not available. Herein, we wish to present a convenient procedure for diazotization reaction using this stable reagent. Azo colorants from aromatic heterocyclic amines have sublimation fastness, excellent light and color strength.[5] They are one of the important groups of synthetic organic dyes. They are applied in various fields such as electronic photography, liquid crystal displays, paper printing, bleaching, polymers, laser technology, dyeing, color formers, data storage and solar energy conversion.[6] They also have been known as antibacterial, antifungal and anti-tumor compounds.[7,8] The compound 1,3,5-triazine has an alternative six-membered heterocyclic ring with an equal number of nitrogen and carbon atoms.[9] The triazines are analogues of benzene rings, which makes them as an aromatic compound like benzene. 1,3,5-Triazine, a common reagent which is used as herbicides and pharmaceuticals.[9] The diazonium salts of triazines derivatives have been reported as a diazotization targets in the synthesis of a variety of heterocyclic azo dyes[10,11] but no report found in direct diazotization of triazines with more than one aromatic amine group. The existence of azo-hydrazone equilibrium in azo colorants having the hydroxyl group at ortho or para position to azo linkage was proved in 1983.[12] In hydrazone form, due to the hydrogen bonding, a coplanar six-membered ring is formed with higher thermal stability than azo form ones.[13] After reductive cleavage, the azo chromophoric system gives carcinogenic amines,[14] while in the hydrazone tautomer will be cleaved the C-N bond instead of N=N bond.[15] The study of azo-hydrazone tautomerism gives the great information for degradation of azo chromophores with least toxicological effect on the environment. Finally, we report preparation of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone supported nitrous acid (PVPP-HNO2) and synthesis of novel azo dyes by diazotization of 6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (1)and 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (2), followed by coupling with hydroxyl and amine substituted of aromatic compounds (Scheme 1). The absorption spectra were obtained using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer and the structures of the triazine azo dyes were confirmed by spectral analysis. Also, DFT calculation was used for study of their azo-hydrazone tautomerism. The structures in azo and hydrazone forms were optimized in the TD-SCF method using B3LYP/6-311 G(d,p) basis sets. 3. Results and discussions 3.1. Stabilization of HNO2 over PVPP PVPP-HNO2 was prepared by a simple route. As regards the nitrous acid is extremely unstable in temperatures over than 5  °C, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone which previously has been applied as an efficient support,[3,4] was used and the spectroscopic and experimental results showed that PVPP can stabilize nitrous acid by formation of PVPP-HNO2. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) investigation of the polymer and PVPP-HNO2 was performed to study their thermal stability (Fig. 1). The thermal decomposition of PVPP starts at near 330  °C and a sharp burning of polymer chains in pure PVPP sample occurs between 360  °C with the weight loss of ~75% of the initial weight. TGA spectra of PVPP-HNO2 demonstrate a mass degradation at 70  °C in PVPP-HNO2, whereas there is no similar situation in TGA spectra of pure PVPP. In other words, TGA spectra of PVPP-HNO2 show that stability of nitrous acid has been increased to 70  °C.   Due to that, the probable hydrogen bonding causes the stability of nitrous acid via prevention of its decomposition to nitrogen oxides. Furthermore the results of acid-base titration show that the PVPP-HNO2 is clearly more acidic than pure PVPP. While pH of the 0.1% solution of PVPP in water is about 7.0, but the same of PVPP-HNO2 is about 2.92. In other word, [H+] is 1.2ÃÆ'-10-3 M and it shows that [HNO2] is about 0.0032 M and it reveals there is about 0.02 g of nitrous acid in 1 g of PVPP-HNO2 which shows good accordance with TGA results. PVPP-HNO2 was prepared in different ratios of PVPP and HNO2.The best result that showed the maximum capacity of acid in the polymer was 20% w/w. The ratios determined by acid-base titration was consistent with TGA degradation analysis. Besides, the synthesis of PVPP-HNO2 was confirmed by FT-IR spectrum. It shows carbonyl band at 1658 cm-1, whereas the same band in pure PVPP has appeared at 1668 cm-1. This can attribute to hydrogen bonding between nitrous acid and PVPP (Figure 2). This type of interaction has been reported between PVPP and polyphenols.[16] The existence of the N-O band stretching at 1380 and 1572 cm-1 in PVPP-HNO2 and absence of this band on PVPP, gives the indication that nitrous acid has been linked to PVPP polymer (Figure 3). 3.2. Synthesis and characterization of azo dyes A simple and facile synthetic route was presented for the preparation of triazine azo dyes. We found that these products can participate in azo coupling reaction to form various and already known azo dyes. Therefore, we treated diazonium salts with 1-naphtol, 2-naphtol and other amino and hydroxy aromatic compounds to obtain a variety of azo dyes in good yields. The compound 4-amino-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2-diazonium was synthesized from mixture of 6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (1)and PVPP-HNO2 in 1 mmol of diamine to 2.0 g of PVPP-HNO2 ratio and further coupled with 1 mmol of 2-naphthol in DMSO to obtain 1-((4-amino-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)diazenyl)naphthalen-2-ol (3a-2)in good yield. Other derivatives have been synthesized by different coupling components (Scheme 2). The chemical structure of the new dyes was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. 2-naphtholic dyes 3a-2 and 3b-2 contain the hydroxyl group at ortho-position to the azo bridge and have the susceptibility to make a six-membered ring due to intramolecular hydrogen transfer. The result of this type of interaction is chemical shift deshielding of hydroxyl group proton than usual. 1H NMR spectra summarized in Table 1 indicates the dye 3a-5 shows an extra singlet at ÃŽÂ ´ 12.11 ppm attributed to N-H proton which is in hydrazone form.   The protons of NH2 in the heterocyclic ring of series 3a show singlet peaks at ÃŽÂ ´ 8.16 to 8.63 ppm while the same at series 3b appear at ÃŽÂ ´ 6.77 to 6.99 ppm. The 13C NMR spectrum of heterocyclic ring carbons shows down field peaks at ÃŽÂ ´ 180-190 ppm. Except compound 3a-4 which have three non-aromatic carbons, all of the other compounds just have aromatic carbons. 13C NMR spectrum of 3a-4 shows two peaks at ÃŽÂ ´ 96.2 and 151 .3 ppm that attributed to the carbons which have been linked to azo group and the hydroxyl group, respectively and a peak at ÃŽÂ ´ 162.0 ppm which assigned as ester carbon of coumarin ring. Infrared spectra of the synthesized chromophores show the band at 1500-1570 cm-1 related to the N=N bond.   A unique band at 2200 cm-1 in 3a-5 reveals the existence of C=N group which can be another evidence for the existence of hydrazone form in this compound. Electron ionization mass spectroscopy (EI-MS) was used to verify structure of the synthesized azo dyes. The base peak in all of the dyes is due to fragmentation of the molecules in the azo bridge. Series 3a and 3b show a base peak at m/z 171 and 110, respectively which attributed to the ionized heterocyclic rings. 3.3. Photo-physical properties and solvent effects To find out the color properties with structural correlation of the synthesized azo dyes, UV-Visible spectra of the dyes were recorded in solvents such as n-hexane, ethanol, acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide at concentration of ~10-4 M and at room temperature. The results are tabulated in Table 1. Although a moderate bathochromic shift in ethanol and acetonitrile was seen, but generally no significant bathochromic shift was observed.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The UV-Vis absorption spectra of all of the dyes in all solvents show the main band at 290-330 nm which can be assigned to moderate energy transition of the aromatic ring. All of the 3b series and compounds 3a-2, 3a-4 and 3a-5 in all solvents, two bands are displayed arising from the à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬* transitions in the backbone. The second bands appear at 360-500 nm can be assigned to azo bridge or intermolecular azo-aromatic chromophore. 3.4. Computational study: Gaussian 03 program package was employed to study Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) and the profusion of the synthesized azo dyes in their azo and hydrazone tautomeric forms.[17] TD-DFT calculations were applied using B3LYP/6-311 G(d,p) basis set with the default convergence criteria and without any limitation on the geometry. The TD-DFT provide the most powerful and effective computational tool for examining the ground and excited state properties of the azo molecules compared with obtained UV-Vis data. Time-dependent DFT method was applied for determination of the UV-Vis spectra, electronic transitions, and vertical excitation energies. 3.4.1. UV-Vis spectral analysis The UV-Vis spectra of azo dyes molecules were measured in dimethyl sulfoxide solution as shown in Figure 4. The calculated absorption maximum wavelength (ÃŽÂ »max), electron transition energies and oscillator strength both in solvent phase (DMSO as solvent) along with recorded UV-Visible data are shown in tables 2 and 3. The main characteristic of the spectra is determined by the general structure of the molecules. Each molecule has a double band Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ N (azo group) which is directly conjugated with a homocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic ring. This group has a wide electronic delocalization. Therefore, it is possible to predict the presence of the main absorption band associated to a à Ã¢â€š ¬-delocalized system that involves the fragment Nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ N and other associated internal transitions that emerge from the aromatic and/or heterocyclic system. In this sense and in according with the structure of the compounds, we can determine that the first absorption band ÃŽÂ »1 located in the range of 290-320 nm with low intensity that appears as shoulder is attributed to à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬* transition that involves the aromatic rings, while the second absorption band ÃŽÂ »2 located in the range of 300-400 nm, attributed to a à Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à Ã¢ ‚ ¬* transition. This transition involves the azo bridge. The remaining absorption band located at lower energy corresponds to ÃŽÂ »3 and is assigned as the type nà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ à Ã¢â€š ¬* transition. A similar behavior of the previous transition is observed. In tables 2 and 3, the experimental and calculated maximum absorption and the corresponding orbital contribution are shown. As observed, shorter wavelengths (ÃŽÂ »1) and in some cases ÃŽÂ »2 belong to lower occupied MOs such as HOMO-4, HOMO-6 and HOMO-8 and LUMO while longer wavelengths (ÃŽÂ »3) involves frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs). The description of FMO will be discussed in the DFT section. An example of the involved MOs for compound 3a-2 is presented in Figure 5. The entire former assignations were corroborated using TD-DFT calculations. The involved MOs for all of the synthesized compounds are presented in Figure S1-9. 3.4.2. DFT calculations For prediction of the molecules electronic spectra, the TD-DFT calculation is used because of low computational cost and high accuracy. The electronic structure of the molecule in ground state can be determined from the wave function of the electron moving within molecule because molecular orbital can be treated as electron channels.[18] The Gauss View program is applied to calculate group contribution of molecular orbitals, i.e. the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs). In almost every calculated transitions, the FMO are involved, vide supra. The FMO of all compounds shows similar characteristics as observed in supplementary data (Fig. S1-9). In all cases, HOMO is delocalized over the homo-aromatic ring and azo bridge. The HOMO-1 is composed in every case mainly by the azo bridge. In terms of unoccupied MOs, the LUMO is mainly centered over the homocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic rings and azo bridge. On the other hand LUMO+1 of naphtholic compounds 3a-1, 3a-2, 3b-1 and 3b-2 is located almost over the triazine ring while in other compounds, LUMO+1 attributed to non-triazine aromatic rings. The ionization potential (IP), electron affinity and GAP energies do not follow any trend and the calculated values are similar and do not depend on the substituted coupled to triazine rings.[19] The estimated reactivity indexes such as chemical potential (ÃŽÂ ¼), chemical hardness (ÃŽÂ ·) and electrophilicity (à Ã¢â‚¬ °) are reported for make the approach of the potential reactivity of these synthesized dyes (Table 4). Chemical hardness is a measure of the resistance of chemical species to change its electronic configuration.[19] It is an index of the stability and chemical reactivity of compounds. The highest value of ÃŽÂ · is shown by compounds 3a-5 and 3b-4 in 3a and 3b series, respectively, which have 2-nitroaniline as coupling aromatic agent and are the most electron attracting substituent. On the other hand, the smallest value is shown by 3a-2 and 3b-2 which have 2-naphtol in the structure as a good electron-donor substituent. Chemical potential characterizes the tendency of escaping of electrons from the equilibrium system.[19,20] This index shows an opposite behavior to that of ÃŽÂ ·, where the highest value belongs to 3a-2 and 3b-2 which have electron donor substituent and the smallest value is shown by 3a-1 and 3b-4 which the second compound acts as an electron acceptor substituent while the first can acts as an electron acceptor via induction. Electrophilicity index (à Ã¢â‚¬ °) c ould give information comparing two in which one is nucleophile/electrophile via lower/higher à Ã¢â‚¬ °.[20] For example comparing between 3a-1 and 3a-2 shows that 3a-1 has higher à Ã¢â‚¬ ° and it can attribute to more electron attraction of 4-hydroxy substituent rather than 2-hydroxy in the naphtholic system. Another attractive comparison between 3a-1 and 3b-1 shows more electron attraction in triazine ring in 3a-1. A phenyl group which replaced with the amine group has increased electrophilicity of 3a-1 than to 3b-1. Although some contradictions are found in case 3a-5 that it can appropriate to azo-hydrazone tautomerism that it will be discussed in the tautomerism section. 3.4.3. Optimized geometries of azo-hydrazone tautomeric forms The optimized ground state geometries of the dyes in azo-hydrazone tautomeric forms are shown in figures 6 and 7. Figure 7. Ground state optimized structure of dyes 3a series in their azo and hydrazone tautomeric forms Optimized ground state geometries of the compounds in azo forms are almost planar such as 3a-1 and 3a-2 which show a mild dihedral angular twist less than 5 ° at N15-N14-C11-N12 and at N7-N14-C9-C14. All hydrazone forms show a dihedral angle twist by near 30 ° which follows no trend. Optimized bond lengths of the synthesized triazine azo dyes (3a and 3b) have been calculated. The O-H bond lengths of azo forms for all of the naphtholic series (3a-1, 3a-2, 3b-1 and 3b-2) is 0.960 Ã…. Similarly, the N-H bond lengths are 1.015 Ã… for 3a-1 and 3a-2 and 1.000 Ã… for 3b-1 and 3b-2. This calculated information shows no significant trend to determine azo-hydrazone tautomerism but the obtained N-N bond can signify the single-double bond character of the bond. The N-N bond length in hydrazone form falls shorter to the model value of 1.400 Ã… for single bond.[21] N-N bond length in 3a and 3b azo series are 1.232 Ã… and this bond length in 3a and 3b hydrazone forms are 1.400 Ã… except in 3a-5 which N-N bond length in hydrazone form is 1.330 Ã… and this confirms our 1H NMR observation in the existence of 3a-5 in both azo-hydrazone forms in significant ratio, while in other compounds this rate of ratio is not impressive. 3.4.4. Calculated energies of azo-hydrazone tautomeric forms The free energies (E/hartree) and relative energies (ΆE/ kJmol-1) of the synthesized dyes in both azo and hydrazone forms calculated using the B3LYP/6-311G (d,p) level to check theoretical stability difference between tautomeric forms and the values tabulated in Table 5. Contrary to this expectation that hydrazone forms have relative stability than azo tautomers,[15,22] in our TDDFT calculations, only hydrazone form of 3a-1 shows more relative stability than the same of azo form by 26.26 kJmol-1. 2-naphtholic dyes 3a-2 and 3b-2 show a significant stability in azo forms than hydrazone forms by 1260.48 and 498.94 kJmol-1, respectively. In the other compounds there is no difference between the stability of azo and hydrzone form and it shows that in comparison to experimental data, there is no notable accordance in TDDFT structures energy. 4. Conclusion In summary, we have successfully developed an efficient protocol to stabilize nitrous acid by supporting on polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP). Synthesized PVPP-HNO2 confirmed by simple titration and FT-IR analysis. The TGA results show that the supported system has acceptable thermal stability. In the following, we have synthesized nine heterocyclic triazine azo dyes and they were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectral analysis. UV-Visible spectral analysis was compared with calculated data. TDDFT calculations were performed showing enough adaption with experimental observations. The optimized structure of azo and hydrazone form using B3LYP/6-311 G(d,p) basis set of calculation shows that azo is more stable form in all of the synthesized dyes except 3a-5, which exist in both azo and hydrazone forms. Acknowledgement.   We are thankful to the Yasouj University for partial support of this work. References T. Turney, G. Wright, Chem. Rev. 1959, 59, 497. N. Suzuki, Y. Kaneko, T. Nomoto, Y. Izawa, Chem. Commun. 1984, 22, 1523. M. Mokhtary, S. Refahati, Dyes Pigments 2013, 99, 378. M. Nogami, Y. Sugiyama, T. Kawasaki, M. Harada, Y. Morita, T. Kikuchi, Y. Ikeda, J. Radioanal. Nucl. chem. 2010, 283, 541. H. S. Bhatti, S. Seshadri., Color. Tech. 2004, 120, 151. M. Ghasemian, A. Kakanejadifard, F. Azarbani, A. Zabardasti, S. Shirali, Z. Saki, S. Kakanejadifard, Spectrochim. Acta A. 2015, 138, 643. I. M. Awad, Phosphorus Sulfur 1996, 114, 17. G. Powis, M. Seewald, D. Melder, M. Hoke, C. Gratas, T. Christensen, D. E. Chapman, Cancer Chemoth. Pharm. 1992, 31, 223. W. Hua, E. R. Bennett, R. J. Letcher, Water Res. 2006, 40, 2259. M. A. Satam, R. K. Raut, N. Sekar, Dyes Pigments 2013, 96, 92. D. R. Patel, K. C. Patel, Dyes Pigments 2011, 90, 1. A. LyÄ ka, Collect. Czech. Chem. C. 1983, 48, 3104. Y. Do Kim, J. H. Cho, C. R. Park, J. H. Choi, C. Yoon, J. P. Kim, Dyes Pigments 2011, 89, 1. H. Pinheiro, E. Touraud, O. Thomas, Dyes Pigments 2004, 61, 121. P. G. Umape, V. S. Patil, V. S. Padalkar, K. R. Phatangare, V. D. Gupta, A. B. Thate, N. Sekar, Dyes Pigments 2013, 99, 291. K. J. Siebert, P. Y. Lynn, J. Agr. Food. Chem. 1997, 45, 4275. M. Frisch, G. Trucks, H. Schlegel, G. Scuseria, M. Robb, J. Cheeseman, Gaussian 03, revision C. 02 2008. G. W. Drake, Springer handbook of atomic, molecular and optical physics, Springer Science Business Media 2006. R. G. Pearson, J. Mol. Struc-Theochem. 1992, 255, 261. P. K. Chattaraj, S. Giri, Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. C: Phys. Chem. 2009, 105, 13. Y. Ebead, Dyes Pigments 2012, 92, 705. M. S. Deshmukh, N. N. Sekar, Can. Chem. Trans. 1, 2013, 305.

Lord Of The Flies - A Character Study Of Ralph Essay -- essays researc

This essay is a character study of Ralph, who is one of the main characters in William Golding’s ‘Lord of the Flies’. I have chosen to analyse Ralph’s character, as it is the character with which I feel that I can relate most closely. Ralph is probably the novel’s main character. This essay will include my identification of the major aspects of Ralph’s character and how he symbolises different themes, which are portrayed in the novel. I will cover in this what Ralph contributes to the plot of the novel, a description of Ralph’s appearance, his dreams, his attitude to being stranded on the island, how he relates to the other boys and how he organises the boys into becoming a self-dependent society. Ralph’s character plays a major part in the plot of ‘Lord of the Flies’. Ralph is the first character we meet in the novel and at first he seems to be very relaxed about the situation of being in unknown territory. The plot begins opens when Ralph and another boy, Piggy, discover each other and eventually decide through Piggy’s constant persistence to blow through a conch shell to see if there are any other people around. It turns out that there are many other boys stranded on the island and they begin to form a small community, which is controlled by Ralph who becomes the leader. Throughout the novel Ralph tries to keep the boys in order and to preserve a civilised society by showing constant faith that if they work together they will be rescued. He does this by encouraging them to keep a fire burning, which represents that faith, and to organise themselves into a unit equipped to handle the unpredictable situation. However, Ralph finds this increasingly d ifficult as the story progresses. Ralph begins to long and daydream of his civilised and normal past. Gradually, he becomes confused and began to lose clarity in his thoughts and speeches. "Ralph was puzzled by the shutter that flickered in his brain. There was something he wanted to say; then the shutter had come down." (p. 156) Suspicion arises that there may be a beast on the island and Jack the main choir boy, who is Ralph’s chief rival for leadership, forms a tribe and begins to encourage the other boys to ignore Ralph’s rule. Gradually many of the boys turn into savages and treat the island like their own playpen, with an incremental build up of evil in their behaviour. Another major character... ...order to give an understanding of the different powers that some people can posses over others. In William Golding's novel, Lord of the Flies Ralph though not the stronger person, demonstrates a better understanding of people which gives Ralph better leadership qualities than Jack, although he is ultimately not succesful. In a way Simon can be seen to represent Jesus Christ and Jack is evil and represents Belezebub. It is ironic that Jack starts out as the leader of the choir and ends up by being the most evil of the boys. Ralph is like Peter who was the disciple that Christ loved best and yet who betrayed Christ. In conclusion, Ralph is possibly the most heroic character in the book as he is, if you note, the only one who follows his belief and faith and this brings him through, even in the forest at the end, when it is him against the rest. In the end Ralph is a very ordinary boy who has almost been crushed by the opposition but despite recognising obvious weaknesses in himself, he always tries to understand what is going on around him and to understand himself and thus shows indubitable heroism. He is more heroic because of his weaknesses and his acceptance of his own guilt.

Define Culture Essay

â€Å"A person without the knowledge of their past history, origin and culture is like a tree without roots.†- Marcus Garvey. This says that a person is defined by his or her culture by the way he/she acts, thinks, and speaks. A person is defined by his or her culture by the way he or she thinks. A person see’s the world differently so the way they think and act would be distinct. They would think differently because of the different backgrounds that they have. In the story â€Å"Imagine†, it says â€Å"you may say I’m a dreamer, but I’m not the only one. I hope someday you’ll join us and the world will live as one†. John Lennon explains how people think he’s different because of what he is. He also says how people aren’t all the same but he wishes that one day we were. He wishes that one day we will all see the world the same and we would be the same. A person is defined by his or her culture by the way he or she’ s history, family tree, and he or she’s way of life. A person is defined by his or her culture because it effects the way they act or speak. In the story â€Å"Where I’m From,† George States â€Å"†¦leaf fall from the family tree†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This example from the text explains that every detail, moment, or where she is from in the poem is from her family tree. It’s saying the poem are moments or cultural things that effected her or shaped her as a person. The things she shares in the poem are all from her families history or culture (family tree). Although others may argue that culture doesn’t effect your education, other people don’t always agree,because their culture has taught them everything they know.An example on how culture defines your education is that people can attend any school , but when they are being taught, they realize that it is different from what they know. In the story, â€Å"An Indian Father’s Plea,† the protagonist argues, â€Å"My son is culturally â€Å"different.† If you ask him how many months are in a year he will probably tell you 13. He will respond this way not because he doesn’t know how to count but because he was taught by our people that there are 13 full moons in a year.† This quote demonstrates that even though he is Indian, he is culturally different because his culture has taught him what he knows. Your families history, education, and your view or the way you think all contribute on how your culture defines you. It’s obvious that any person would benefit from he or she’s culture.

What Is a Rational Number Definition and Examples

What Is a Rational Number Definition and Examples SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you heard the term â€Å"rational numbers?† Are you wondering, â€Å"What is a rational number?† If so, you’re in the right place! In this article, we’ll discuss the rational number definition, give rational numbers examples, and offer some tips and tricks for understanding if a number is rational or irrational. What Is A Rational Number? In order to understand what rational numbers are, we first need to cover some basic math definitions: Integers are whole numbers (like 1, 2, 3, and 4) and their negative counterparts (like -1, -2, -3, and -4). Fractions are numbers that are expressed as ratios. A fraction is a part of a whole. Fractions have numerators, which are the numbers on the top of the fraction that show the parts taken from the whole. Fractions also have denominators, which are the numbers on the bottom of the fraction that show how many parts are in the whole. Okay! Now that we know those terms, let’s turn to our original question. What is a rational number? A rational number is a number that can be expressed as a fraction where both the numerator and the denominator in the fraction are integers. The denominator in a rational number cannot be zero. Expressed as an equation, a rational number is a number a/b, b≠ 0 where a and b are both integers. This equation shows that all integers, finite decimals, and repeating decimals are rational numbers. In other words, most numbers are rational numbers. Here’s a hint: if you’re working with a number with a long line of different decimals, then your number is irrational! If you’re working with an integer or a number with terminal or repeating decimals (like 1.333333), then your number is rational! Rational Number Examples Now that we know the rational number definition, let’s use that definition to examine some numbers and see if they’re rational or not. Let’s start with the number 6. The number 6 is an integer. It’s also a rational number. Why? Because 6 can also be expressed as 6/1. When expressed as 6, both the numerator and the denominator are integers. The denominator doesn’t equal 0. What about the number -6? -6 can be written as -6/1. Or 6/-1. Either way, -6 is a rational number, because it can be expressed as a fraction where the numerator and denominator are integers and the denominator doesn’t equal 0. What’s an Irrational Number? The opposite of rational numbers are irrational numbers. In simple terms, irrational numbers are real numbers that can’t be written as a simple fraction like 6/1. Take Ï€. Ï€ is a real number. But it’s also an irrational number, because you can’t write Ï€ as a simple fraction: Ï€ = 3.1415926535897932384626433832795 (and counting) There’s no way to write Ï€ as a simple fraction, so it’s irrational. The same goes for √2. The √2 equals 1.4142135623730950...(etc). You can’t make √2 into a simple fraction, so it’s an irrational number. Famous Irrational Numbers There aren’t any famous rational numbers, because the vast majority of numbers are rational. There are a few famous irrational numbers. Here are some ones you might have seen: e: The number e (Euler's Number) is another famous irrational number. People have also calculated e to lots of decimal places without any pattern showing. The first few digits look like this: 2.7182818284590452353602874713527. Ï€: People have calculated Pi to over a quadrillion decimal places and still there is no pattern. The first few digits look like this: 3.1415926535897932384626433832795 √: Many square roots, cube roots, etc are also irrational numbers. Examples: √3 = 1.7320508075688772935274463415059 (etc) √99 = 9.9498743710661995473447982100121 (etc) Not all square roots are irrational numbers, though! If your square root results in a whole number (like √4 or √9), then you actually are working with a rational number! That’s not the only thing you have to be careful about! Sometimes, multiplying two irrational numbers will result in a rational number. For example, √2 * √2 = 2 2 is a rational number. Main Takeaways Rational numbers are numbers that can be expressed as simple fractions. Irrational numbers are numbers that can’t be expressed as simple fractions. What's Next? Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa). Are you learning about logarithms and natural logs in math class?We have a guide on all the natural log rules you need to know. Did you know that water has a very special density? Check out our guide to learn what the density of water is and how the density can change.

Achebe essays

Achebe essays After reading these two essays on racism in this novel, I did realize that racism was very present. However it is present only in strong under tones and is rarely blatantly exposed to the reader. Throughout his essay, Achebe talks of how Conrad used Africa as a background or setting only, and how he "set Africa up as a foil to Europe,"(Achebe, p.251). I interpreted this idea of Africa and Africans as more of an opportunity and less of a place or people when, Achebe says "The African as a human factor," (Achebe, p.257) Achebe does a wonderful job of revealing all the hidden racist characteristics of the novel, some that people might have never picked up during a casual read. He finds specific examples from the text, and points out that there is a lack of certain characteristics among the characters. Achebe then compares the descriptions of the "Intended" and the native woman. Explaining that the native mistress "fulfills a structural requirement of the story: a savage counterpart to the refined European woman,"(Achebe, p.255). This lack of human characteristics is what Achebe says contributes to the large amount of racism within Conrad's book. If we look at it like this, I learnt in religion that human expression is one of few things that make us different from animals, along with such things as communication and reason. If these characteristics are not given to a character in a book, what is an educated reader to think about that character? Especially in this case because this book takes place du ring a time when the Europeans believed it was their right to dominate and civilize all lesser cultures. C.P. Sarvan attempts to comabt Achebe's opinion of the differences between the two women. C.P. Sarvan said that Conrad viewed the native woman as a "gorgeous, proud, superb, magnificent, terrific, and fierce."(Sarvan, p. 284) This to me is where it gets very confusing, because now these to essay writers have made me believe that the mi...

Risk and war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Risk and war - Essay Example The interpretation one can take of this game on personal finance comes in making conservative moves throughout the course of play. Just like a person lacking the funds to make large investments, those first beginning in the game should not make bold moves across the globe. Rather, diversifying in a few key areas, such as Australia or South America will offer bonuses of two extra armies, which will allow players to use the extra income to expand their holdings into investments overseas, such as Africa or Asia. This is where primary, secondary, and tertiary objectives come into play, which can also be thought of as short and long-term goals. After several attempts to win without a concrete strategy, the author began to conduct some research so as to conquer his opponents. This is where the concept of finances came to be found. The bonus armies at the start of each turn are one’s income, and where they are placed is asset allocation (Pascale, 2011). For those who spend all of the ir armies away in battle, destruction is near because the carelessness of one is the short-term strategy of another. In order to win, a strategy to gain and hold Australia was enacted, and another to expand into and gain control of Asia. This resulted in one of two ways for those who were still left on the board. They either attempted to cooperate with one another or they suffered the destruction of a force with far superior resources. The one result that did not occur was a smaller army siding with the larger one to guarantee survival, which is much more likely to occur in the real world of global domination, also referring to conflict, which occurs when differing forces, governments, or parties face off with one another as a result of discord that often relates to world affairs (Kegley, and Blanton, 376-377). Conflict was not actually the result of anything other than beginning to play the game since the object is to destroy each other while obtaining more land for oneself. Parlay ing off of this, one may have engaged in unplanned conflict if their monopoly on a continent was lost, such as a player making a strike from Mexico into South America. While the previous owner of the South American continent may not have wanted to go into battle with this particular army, he was perfectly content to do so in order to gain back what he had lost so as to maintain his position and have a better opportunity to grow his forces. Cooperation always fell between two parties who could not stand to fight on their own since doing so would result in heavier losses. However, by pooling their resources, they stood a slight chance of being able to bring down a far superior power if they agreed to do so before the hammer that came down had not gained so much weight that the momentum of its strikes were crushing rather than just painful. One historical event that seemed to play out is that there was never peace in the Middle East, which should not be entirely surprising as it is not only bordered by six territories in three continents, but also because for a person wanting control of Asia it is a necessary territory, and for those holding Africa, there is more security in pushing the opposition back. For any player wanting to get to Australia so as to gain control, or take it away from

Further Computer Systems Achitecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Further Computer Systems Achitecture - Essay Example In order to overcome the limitations met by traditional architectures, IA-64 used a technique called predication where it could indicate which paths are being utilized and which are not. The paths that are in use proceed with their activity while paths detected as unused would be automatically turned off. Predication is an effective technique that allows the handling of complex activities when the computer pursues aggressive instruction level parallelism (ILP).2 Memory insufficiency is a common problem that traditional architecture cannot address because CPU’s run on faster speeds than usual. IA-64 resolves the problem by using a technique referred to as speculation.3 The purpose of this is to initiate loads of previous memory initiations even before the branch is required. This makes the memory available on demand. This also increases instruction level parallelism thus reducing the â€Å"impact of memory latency†.4 The â€Å"Nat† bits allow IA-64 to load data ahead of time without registering an error message.5 Traditional architectures have limited instruction level parallelism. In IA-64 architecture, processors usually include â€Å"128 general purpose integer registers, 128 floating point registers, 64 predicate registers and many execution units† to accommodate present and future requirements.6 This is especially important if the server handles huge amount of data at any given time. IA-64 architecture handles loops different from traditional architecture. The use of register rotation prevents code bloats by allowing the â€Å"pipelining of loops.†7 Unlike traditional architecture, each register moves up a notch. The last register will revert back to the beginning hence simulating rotation. In combination with the predication, the loop feature enables the compiler to create a loop code that is important in highly parallel forms.8 To further

A new 300 m2 house that must be completed for Mr and Mrs Jones by Assignment

A new 300 m2 house that must be completed for Mr and Mrs Jones by December 25th 2012 - Assignment Example The owners of the house will be contacted on regular basis to confirm the adjustments and modifications done. The Supplementary Planning Document has been developed in accordance with local, regional and national planning policy, and the adoption of this guidance means that sustainable design and construction are material considerations to be given weight in considering development of this project, and can be the subject of planning conditions and/or obligations in respect of appropriate development. Applicants for planning permission will be expected to have considered this planning guidance and in so doing to have focused on the five sustainable design and construction aims defined here to: Mr. and Mrs. Jones have relocated from New York to Alabama following their retirement. They decided to build their new dream house in a lot of land that they had purchased earlier. This brought about to them selecting a team oversee the construction works. I was contracted to write a project plan for the new housing project that will act as a guideline to the whole project since in this project plan I have indicated all the procedures to be undertaken to ensure that the project is successful and it is delivered according to the stipulated time. The house to be constructed is of 300m2 which will be used as their new home, the project plans is to be started as soon as possible so as to meet the 25th December, 2012 deadline and which is the time the project is expected to come to a completion. The construction and the implementation of this project should be done in accordance to the ideas, specification and requirements of the owners which in this case is Mr. and Mrs. Jones. They are to approve every step and phase undertaken in the construction process and by using this project plan as the guideline to ensure strict budgetary arrangements and proper construction procedure is followed. The construction

Characteristics of the breakfast cereal industry Essay Example for Free

Characteristics of the breakfast cereal industry Essay Brand History Breakfast cereals are not a homogenous product. The ready-to-eat breakfast cereal industry may be characterized by relatively low economies of scale and relatively low levels of technology. In other words, the entry into this industry is easy. Between the 1950s and the 1970s there was no entry of new firms in the industry even though all the incumbent firms such as Kellogg, General Mills, General Foods and Quaker Oats, made significant profits. Later however, there was the entry of new low-end companies in the markets and the number of brands sold by these firms also increased substantially from 25 to more than 80, and this number is still on a rise (Cabral, 2000, p. 265-266). Pricing trends For decades the breakfast cereal market was one of the most profitable in the United States. The industry had a consolidated structure dominated by Kellogg, General Mills and Kraft Foods with its Post brand. Strong brand loyalty, coupled with control over the allocation of supermarket shelf space, helped to limit the potential for new entry. Meanwhile the steady demand growth of around 3% per annum kept the industry revenues expanding. Also Kellogg, which accounted for over 40 percent of the market share, acted as the price leader in the industry for years in the industry. Every year Kellogg increased cereal prices, its rivals followed and industry profits too remained high. However, this favorable structure started to change in the early 1990s when the growth in demand slowed and then stagnated as the lifestyle and hence food patterns changed and the market saw the rise of powerful discounters such as Wal-Mart that started promoting their own brand of cereal. As sales of cheaper store-brand cereals began to take-ff, supermarkets no longer were as dependent on brand names to bring in traffic and hence they started to demand lower prices from the branded cereal manufacturers. Initially, the branded cereal manufacturers tried to hold against these adverse trends. However, in 1996 Kraft which was then owned by Philip Morris aggressively cut prices by 20 % for its Post brand in am attempt to gain market share. Kellogg son followed with a 19 percent price cut on two-third of its brands and General Mills quickly did the same. However, this too did not change the consumption pattern the growth rates of which remained flat and revenues then started going down for all the branded cereals (Hill, Jones, 2009, p. 52). The trend continued in 2000s also and the situation worsened with the private-label sales continuing to make inroads, gaining over 10 percent of the market. To top it all off, the sales of breakfast cereals started to contract at 1 percent per annum and the period between 1998-2001 saw the market leader Kellogg sliding down to the 2nd position for the first time in its history since its inception in 1906, by General Mills that continued to launch expensive price and promotion campaigns. To cover the rising cost General Mills raised prices in 2001 and competitors soon followed the trend. However, both Kellogg and General Mills tried to move further away from price competition in the industry by diversifying and focusing on brand extensions such as Special K on the behalf of Kellogg and new varieties of Cheerios. Special K was instrumental and helping Kellogg recapturing its market leadership position from General Mills and this renewed focus on non-price competition halted years of damaging price warfare (Hill, Jones, 2009, p. 52). Target markets The breakfast cereal industry targets several diverse markets but focuses upon two large ones namely the baby boomers and their children. Since a high proportion of the baby boomers are highly educated, health appeals are paramount. Thus many brands have placed emphasis on various types of oat-bran cereal. The other sizeable market, targeted to children is also highly developed. Various brands have successfully used sports personality and trade characters such as Tony the Tiger to attract the children towards their products and retain brand loyalty. The breakfast cereal industry has been adept at target market segmentation and promoting favorable brand images. The strategy of the overall industry especially Kellogg, the market leader, has been to provide a comprehensive assortment for the retailers targeting specific market segments (Michman, Mazze, 1999, p. 109-111) Competition Breakfast cereal industry faces competition from hand-held breakfast products such as bagels, muffins, doughnuts etc. These have in fact led to a decrease in the growth of the breakfast cereal industry. The industry also faces competition from frozen waffles, pancakes, and French toast brands which have proved to be a concern both in the past and the present. Many analysts consider that the competition is due to the change in dietary habits, though some also say that this has been due to th increase in cereal prices for the branded segment (Michman, Mazze, 1999, p. 112-113). Advertisements and Promotional activities From the time of WH Kellogg, the breakfast cereal industry has been dependent on marketing strategies and expensive promotions. In fact in 1909 itself the advertisement budget of Kellogg had reached 1 million per annum. Needless to say this is a major problem in the industry which has become price sensitive in present times. This activity has led to a decrease in profits and considering that the market share has not increased since the 1990s, this has become even more of a problem. There were also many insufficiencies generated by coupons and in-store promotions. For instance, more than 95 percent of the cereal coupons were thrown away and not redeemed and approximately half of the promotional expenditures did not reach the consumers in the form of lower prices. Because of these inefficiencies, as well as congressional investigations and competitive treats, the breakfast cereal industry has moved to lower prices. As the returns earned by the cereal manufacturers exceed most other grocery products, there is fierce competition among manufacturers (Michman, Mazze, 1999, p. 113-114). Factors contributing to success and failure There are a combination of variables that contribute to the successes and failure of the breakfast cereal industry. These variables and strategies include innovation, target-market segmentation, image, physical environment resources, and human resources. Such factors must be combined in various degrees for success. The breakfast cereal industry has shown innovation in product and packaging strategies. In addition to this, breakfast snack bars are a new innovation. The image of the breakfast cereal industry has been positive enough to withstand the assault of private-label brand sot a large extent. Also cereal manufacturers with their successful track records and huge advertisement budgets do not have much difficulty in convincing retailers to give their new product introduction a chance. In 1970s, Kellogg designed shelf space allocation programs for supermarkets. Sophisticated computers and programs developed by members of the breakfast cereal industry now help to allocate shelf space according to turnover. The breakfast cereal industry has also been successful in designing packaging for shipping and for display purposes. To sell their product brands and retain the company brand value, the breakfast cereal manufacturers have developed the strategy that links the brand name to the company name instead to identifying brand products by their individual brand names. For instance, Kellogg’s Rice Krispies and Special K, as well as General Mills’ Total Raisin Bran and Total Corn Flakes use this strategy. To fend off private brand competition by offering product line depth and high brand identification (Michman, Mazze, 1999, p. 114-115).

Development of International Business

Development of International Business People today wake up by an alarm clock made in China, shave with a French razor, dress in Italian-designed (Pakistan-made) clothes and drive their way to work with a German car. Small facts from our daily routine justify that the last 100 years the internationalization (some would say globalisation) of business can be said to have re-drafted the world economic map (Woods, 2001). Globalisation, despite the numerous changes caused at national and international level, set new rules for all enterprises, no mater their size if a business is to be successful then it needs to be aware of the general environment. From the moment trade and economic environment changed, firms turned international in order to maintain their competitiveness and expand their activity into new markets (Hodgetts, 2003). Therefore, multinational enterprises (MNEs) should keep in mind that international trade, as a result of globalisation, is now the primary profit source. Also, MNEs should re-consider their financi al and production tactics if they want to gain more from the global-market environment, such as focus on specialization (ibid). The purpose of this essay is to discuss the primary ways International Business occurs and examine the advantages and disadvantages of international trade and specialization with an extended look at free trade. Two Primary Ways of International Business Development The basic idea for firms going global is to expand their existing sales with reducing the costs of making the additional sales. How will they achieve that? They have two primary ways: first, imports-exports worldwide (International Trade) and second, direct foreign investment (FDI) or portfolio investment. The first way is usually seen as Adam Smiths basic principle of exchange, as an attempt to explain why countries trade, while the second way is the base of international capital flow. International Trade As mentioned before, firms and countries expect some gains from this exchange such as: lower production costs, improved products quality and higher sales profits. However, in the early years of trade, the theory of mercantilism was against that assumption and it was Smith who reacted to this theory by setting up his absolute advantage theory (Mnieh, 2010). Mercantilists in the 18th century believed that a countrys wealth should be measured by the gold and silver the country possessed, so the more precious metals the country had the richer and more powerful it was. Also, the exports were seen as good because they brought silver/gold, whereas imports were bad because they reduced the amount of gold and silver from the country. Mercantilists wanted to encourage countries to export more than import; therefore, they proposed that exports should be increased and imports decreased by means of tariffs or quotas. As a result, under this theory, only one party could gain from trade (Brewer, 2000). However, mercantilism theory did not explain the basic questions of international trade such as, which goods are exported or imported, in what quantity and by whom (ibid). Adam Smith addressed these questions, and he produced the theory of absolute advantage. That theory holds that countries who use resources more efficiently can gain more by focusing on the specialization of their most efficient product and importing the goods they produce inefficiently. Consequently, the specialized production of a commodity gives a country an absolute advantage on that product, and the countrys resources are focused on the production of the profitable output instead of split up or wasted on other, less profitable, outputs. Absolute advantage, however, can explain only a small part of the worlds trade today and does not include any evidence about the determination of trade (Rugman and Collinson, 2006). In 1819, David Ricardo, based on Smiths work, examined the questions What happens when a country can produce all products at an absolute advantage? Would trade still benefit both countries now? And developed the theory of comparative advantage. According to Ricardos theory, a country has a comparative advantage in a product when it has a higher degree of superiority in its production, and it has a comparative disadvantage in a product when its degree of superiority is lower, relative to another country. In order to understand that theory completely, we need to introduce the concept of opportunity cost (Woods, 2001).. We assume that a country produces two goods, A and B, so the opportunity cost is the cost related to the amount of good A which must be sacrificed in order to produce one additional unit of good B (Mnieh, 2010). Therefore Ricardo, suggested that a country with an absolute advantage in all lines of production should trade with another country in the product which has the higher opportunity cost in order to gain from the other countys lower opportunity cost. Foreign Direct Investment The second way international business occurs is through equities. According to Collinson (2006), a tactic usually applied by nations and MNEs to gain access to a foreign market is equity funds invested in other nations. Therefore, a definition used for foreign direct investment (FDI) is the control and ownership of foreign assets. The basic idea for the FDI concept is that corporations find it more beneficial to purchase another foreign company, simply to acquire the companys market share and know-how in the host country. It has to be mentioned that FDI is different from portfolio investment. Foreign portfolio investment is a transfer of capital from one country to another, whereas FDI contains the issue of control and ownership of the activities abroad. Another common tactic of FDI is the union of capital of multiple corporations to a joint venture, in order to purchase together the foreign company aboard (Rugman, 2006). There is a substantial number of reasons why multinational corporations are interested in expanding their activities and influence in foreign assets. The primary reason is to increase their sales and profits. According to the UN World Investment Report (2006), numerous large multinationals have earned millions of pounds through overseas sales every year since they went abroad. Not only large firms gain benefits from activities abroad but a large number of smaller firms increase their revenues as well. MNEs financial and production activities pay the way for local suppliers to get involved with the multinationals and maybe supply them to other worldwide locations (ibid). The second reason is the lower costs abroad. Lower labour cost, for example, is a considerable reason for transferring a companys production facilities to a place where labour is much cheaper. In addition to this, MNEs can consider other factors such as materials supply, transportation costs and energy issues, which affect managers decisions to move their activities abroad. Another reason is to enter economic blocs and rapidly growing markets. At this point, we have to mention that the global economical map is different between countries, regions or continents. Some countries have markets that grow more rapidly than others, and many countries are part of international, economical and political, agreements that affect trade, so multinational companies gain a foothold in these markets by investing directly in them (Deresky,2006).. The final reason for FDI is to gain access to technology and know-how as well as the protection of domestic and foreign markets. In essence, there are examples of multinationals that have saved their own and foreign markets by making investments in these markets and take a strategic advantage due to the high-technology acquirement their investments provide (Piggott and Cook, 2006). Advantages and Disadvantages of Specialisation The model of comparative advantage and the theory of absolute advantage are both based on specialisation. Specialization, at production level, occurs when a worker becomes skilled and efficient at a specific task in order to be able to produce more goods or services than other workers. Countries that produce specialised goods could have many advantages. First, specialisation at international level means that a country will benefit from the trade of specialized goods with other countries. Second, specialisation makes workers to becomes quicker at producing goods or services; consequently, the production per good become cheaper and the production levels are increase. Therefore, a country can be competitive and maintain or expand the wealth it already has (Piggott and Cook, 2006). The third point is the gain of know-how. A country that focuses on the specific production of a good can become an expert and invest in research on that good. Fourth, a country can enhance its reputation. If a country becomes an expert it is possible to increase the quality and reliability of its products, she will create a reputation and the demand of its products will increase (Bingham, Combined Proceedings, 2005, Vol.55). However, the concentration of production factors on one product may have the opposite results. First, a country will depend on a higher degree from others if it just exports one good and imports all the others. Second, countries should be aware that specialised workers demand better wages and this can also affect the total production cost in a negative way. Third, it has to be mentioned that the theory of specialisation makes some assumptions and simplifications, which are not always valid, such as: (a) there is full employment, (b) there are no constant costs and countries have the same dynamic in the future (c) the theories are based on barter, so money is not required in these models, (d) we assume that there are two countries and two goods only and (e) the mobility of labour is assumed to be perfect (Daniels et al., 2008). Advantages and Disadvantages of International Trade The trade theories mentioned before in this essay is the base for us to understand the figure of international trade in the world economy we observe today. International trade has a variety of aspects. Firstly, as an advantage, it includes the theory of free trade, which supports the unrestricted free flow of goods and services between countries. Trade without barriers has positive benefits for all involved, and it creates free markets, which are best for most exchange. As a result, countries trade more over time, so globalisation will be inevitable. Secondly, world class economists set their theories for international trade. They attempt to figure how it works, but each theory is based on different assumptions and limitations. As a result, new theories were born (Daniels et al., 2008). To counter the theories of international trade, a considerable number of people believe that trade and foreign investments may badly affect local industry and work force. They suggest an economic policy of restraining free trade with means like quotas or tariffs in order to protect the national market; a theory widely known as protectionism (Hill, 2006). As a whole, countries trade with each other and manage their exports or imports based on their capabilities and needs. Due to the worlds competive environment, nations support their industries to claim better results for their interests not only domestically but worldwide. With business going international, countries and companies are trying to expand their wealth and influence other countries or markets, with direct or portfolio investment (ibid). Arguments in favour of free trade and relevant theories According to Hill (2006), the theory of free trade is relevant to the theories of International Trade. Both theories assume that there is unrestricted trade between two or more countries, but the free trade theory includes three major principles: (a) there are no barriers or obstacles to mobility, (b) there are no trade restrictions and (c) there are no transportation costs. Apart from the assumptions, new questions are presented. For example, the free trade theory suggests that trade is based on the lack of costs, but it does not explain which factors made these costs. As a result, the theory of Heckscher-Ohlin was established. Two Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin, studied the trade theories and conclude in two deductions. First, there is more than one factor of production. For example, goods do not need only labour but capital and land also. Secondly, different factors are used for the production of different goods. Furthermore, different countries have a different number of factors of production (or endowments), and this results in different relative factor prices. This means that land-intensive goods should be relatively cheap in a country with a great deal of land, and the same is valid for labour-intensive and capital-intensive countries. This leads to the theorys basic conclusion that countries should specialize in goods that use the factor of production intensively they have in abundance (Piggott Cook, 2006). According to the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, countries like the United States, for example, with a higher capital per head than other countries, should export capital-intensive goods and import labour-intensive goods. In 1954, the economist Wassily Leontief tried to apply the theorem to reality. He used a mathematical technique named input-output analysis to measure the amount of imports and exports worth US$ 1milion, on data of 1947. Leontief found that to replace US imports with domestic output would need 170 more years per worker of labour and US$ 3.1million of capital. On the other hand, to reduce US exports by US$ 1 million would provide 182.3 years of labour time and US$ 2.6 million of capital. When he compared the two results, he showed that exports from the US were more labour intensive than imports into the US, which is the opposite outcome to that predicted by Heckscher-Ohlin. The worlds most capital-intensive country was exporting labour intensive goods (Husted Melvin, 2007) . The previous analysis is known as the Leontief paradox and it is known as the biggest weakness to the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. Some economists argued that Leontiefs analysis did not include human capital in his motion of labour all labour is taken to have the same skill. As a result, failure to include these factors might have caused him to mismeasure the labour intensity of US imports and exports (Mmieh, 2010). Based on the failure of Heckscher-Ohlin theory, economist Paul Krugman (1970) developed his new trade theory. According to this theory, some countries specialize in the production of a particular product and export it, not because they have different factor endowments, but because they can support these products in the global markets. For example, a countrys production specialisation in the products of airplanes, can give a competitive advantage to the country not only at domestic but in the international airplane production market (ibid). In relevance to new trade theory, Michael Porter (1994) attempted to explain why particular nations achieve international success in particular industries. His theory, referred as the theory of national competitive advantage, underlines that country factors such as domestic demand and domestic rivalry are very important for nations dominance in the production and export of particular goods (Hill, 2006). Conclusion In this paper, we first examined the two primary ways international business occur, based on numerous theories of world-class economists. Global Trade and FDI are the most important figures of world trade today and include a number of aspects but in this paper we discussed two of them: specialisation and international trade. We also examined the concept of free trade; with an extensive look at the theories that were created based on the free burgeoning of goods. Today, globalisation sets new rules for the countries and firms involved in the business world, a much more complicated market scene, which needs different approaches, careful planning and correct use of information for the best investment results. International business follows the path of globalisation and I personally believe that the in years to come we will witness an inevitable change route for the way we do business.